I decided to blog about this because my MIL has invited her brother to stay over at our house for the weekend. Bad idea... Because her brother is a smoker..
I've restricted all of Ryan's toys and access to our bedroom only. I'm patiently waiting for monday when he decides to go back to his home...
健康的影响，暴露于二手烟环境
你知道吗？
11 ％岁的儿童六年下，暴露在对外电讯服务供应商在各自的家中定期的基础上（ 4天或以上，每星期） 。
国家统计调查的环境管理，哮喘和儿童暴露在吸烟环境。
内容
什么是二手烟？
二手烟是一个混合的烟雾给小康由燃烧完的香烟，烟斗，或雪茄，烟雾是由吸烟者呼出。二手烟也称为环境烟草烟雾（对外电讯服务供应商）和暴露于二手烟环境有时也被称为非自愿或吸二手烟。二手烟中包含更多的4000物质，其中有几个是众所周知的致癌物质在人或动物。
- 美国环保局的结论是，暴露于二手烟可以导致肺癌，在成年人谁不吸烟。环保局估计，暴露于二手烟环境的原因大约有3000肺癌死亡人数每年在不吸烟者。
- 暴露于二手烟环境亦已表明，在多项研究，以增加患心脏病的危险。
严重的健康风险，儿童
儿童特别容易受到影响的二手烟，因为他们仍处于发展阶段身体，有较高的呼吸率高于成人，并没有多大的控制权，他们的室内环境。儿童暴露于高剂量的二手烟，如那些母亲吸烟，运行的最大的相对危险性在经历了损害健康的影响。
- 暴露于二手烟可能导致儿童哮喘的谁以前没有展出的症状。
- 暴露于二手烟环境的风险增大，为婴儿猝死症 。
- 婴儿和儿童的年龄小于6谁是经常暴露在二手烟环境正处于上升的风险较低的呼吸道感染，如肺炎和支气管炎 。
- 儿童谁定期呼吸二手烟正处于风险增加， 中耳感染 。
健康风险儿童哮喘
- 哮喘是最常见的慢性疾病影响的童年在一学校13岁的儿童平均水平。
- 暴露于二手烟可能导致的新个案，儿童哮喘的谁先前未表现出症状。
- 暴露于二手烟能引起哮喘发作，使哮喘症状更加严重。
科学背后的风险
- 一般外科医生警告：二手烟把处于危险中的儿童
对2006年6月27日，外科医生一般公布的一项重大的新报告对自愿暴露于二手烟环境，得出结论认为，二手烟的原因，疾病和死亡在儿童及非吸烟的成年人。 报告发现，之间的因果关系暴露于二手烟和婴儿猝死综合症（ SIDS）的，并申明，民政，正在成为主导位置的暴露，儿童和成年人的二手烟。
- 国家统计调查的环境管理，哮喘和儿童暴露在吸烟环境（ nsema /中欧和东欧） （美国环境保护署， 2004年）
主要结果：
- 11％岁的儿童六年下，暴露在对外电讯服务供应商在各自的家中定期的基础上（ 4天或以上，每星期）相比， 20 ％在1998年的国民健康访问调查（nhis ） 。
- 家长有责任为90 ％的儿童接触到电子投标系统。
- 暴露于ETS是高等及哮喘患病率是更有可能在家庭与低收入和低教育水平。
- 哮喘儿童拥有尽可能多的接触到电子投标系统，作为儿童哮喘。
Fact Sheet: National Survey on Environmental Management of Asthma and Children’s Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke (PDF, 2 pp, 89KB, About PDF ) 实况报道：全国调查的环境管理，哮喘和儿童暴露在吸烟环境 （ PDF格式，共2页， 89kb ， 关于PDF ）
- 呼吸健康的影响，二手烟（也称为暴露于二手烟或环境烟草烟雾-对外电讯服务供应商） （美国环境保护署， 1 992年）
主要结果：
在成年人的：
- 对外电讯服务供应商是一个人肺癌的致癌物质，负责大约有3000肺癌死亡人数每年在美国的非吸烟者。对外电讯服务供应商已被归类为一组致癌物质，根据EPA的致癌物质的评估准则。这种分类是保留给那些化合物或混合物，其中已被证明是致癌在人类的基础上，研究在人类种群。
在孩子们：
- 对外电讯服务供应商暴露的风险增大下呼吸道感染如支气管炎和肺炎。环保局估计，之间的150000和300000，这些案件每年在婴幼儿长达18个月的年龄是由于接触到电子投标系统。这些之间， 7500和15000将导致在住院治疗。
- 对外电讯服务供应商接触增加，患病率流体在中耳，标志慢性中耳疾病。
- 对外电讯服务供应商暴露在儿童刺激上呼吸道及相关联的一个小而显着降低肺功能。
- 对外电讯服务供应商接触增加发作频率和严重程度，症状的哮喘儿童。该报告估计， 20.0万，以百万儿童哮喘有其条件恶化，暴露在吸烟环境。
- 对外电讯服务供应商接触，是一个危险因素的新个案，儿童哮喘的谁先前未显示症状。
查看完整的报告：美国环境保护局，办公室的研究和发展，办公室的卫生和环境评估，华盛顿哥伦比亚特区， epa/600/6-90/006f ， 1992年12月（ PDF格式 ， 525页， 4 MB的， 大约有PDF格式 ） 一个事实，资产负债表总结了本报告： www.epa.gov /无烟/酒吧/ etsfs.html
- 健康的影响，暴露在吸烟环境 （加利福尼亚环境保护局， 1997年）
查看完整的报告： www.oehha.org /航空/ environmental_tobacco / finalets.html
- 国家毒物学计划的第九报告对致癌物 （国立卫生研究院， 2000年）
主要结果：在2000年，美国国家卫生研究院（保健院）正式上市二手烟作为一个已知的人类致癌物质
鉴于该报告的摘要： www.nih.gov/news/pr/may2000/niehs-15.htm
- 环境烟草烟雾（第8章，谁的空气质素指引，欧洲第二版）（世界卫生组织）
查看完整的报告： www.euro.who.int/air/activities/20050223_4
- 国际谘询环境烟草烟雾（对外电讯服务供应商）和儿童健康 （世界卫生组织， 1999年）
鉴于会议的总结： www.who.int/tobacco/resources/publications/general/en/
- 科学委员会的报告，关于烟草与健康 （联合王国科学委员会对烟草与健康， 1998年）
查看完整的报告： www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/doh/tobacco/contents.htm
Health Effects of Exposure to Secondhand Smoke
Did You Know?
11% of children aged 6 years and under are exposed to ETS in their homes on a regular basis (4 or more days per week).
The National Survey on Environmental Management of Asthma and Children's Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke.
Contents
What is Secondhand Smoke?
Secondhand smoke is a mixture of the smoke given off by the burning end of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar, and the smoke exhaled by smokers. Secondhand smoke is also called environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and exposure to secondhand smoke is sometimes called involuntary or passive smoking. Secondhand smoke contains more that 4,000 substances, several of which are known to cause cancer in humans or animals.
- EPA has concluded that exposure to secondhand smoke can cause lung cancer in adults who do not smoke. EPA estimates that exposure to secondhand smoke causes approximately 3,000 lung cancer deaths per year in nonsmokers.
- Exposure to secondhand smoke has also been shown in a number of studies to increase the risk of heart disease.
Serious Health Risks to Children
Children are particularly vulnerable to the effects of secondhand smoke because they are still developing physically, have higher breathing rates than adults, and have little control over their indoor environments. Children exposed to high doses of secondhand smoke, such as those whose mothers smoke, run the greatest relative risk of experiencing damaging health effects.
- Exposure to secondhand smoke can cause asthma in children who have not previously exhibited symptoms.
- Exposure to secondhand smoke increases the risk for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.
- Infants and children younger than 6 who are regularly exposed to secondhand smoke are at increased risk of lower respiratory track infections, such as pneumonia and bronchitis.
- Children who regularly breathe secondhand smoke are at increased risk for middle ear infections.
Health Risks to Children with Asthma
- Asthma is the most common chronic childhood disease affecting 1 in 13 school aged children on average.
- Exposure to secondhand smoke can cause new cases of asthma in children who have not previously shown symptoms.
- Exposure to secondhand smoke can trigger asthma attacks and make asthma symptoms more severe.
The Science Behind the Risks
- Surgeon General Warning: Secondhand Smoke Puts Children At Risk
On June 27th, 2006, the Surgeon General released a major new report on involuntary exposure to secondhand smoke, concluding that secondhand smoke causes disease and death in children and nonsmoking adults. The report finds a causal relationship between secondhand smoke exposure and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), and declares that the home is becoming the predominant location for exposure of children and adults to secondhand smoke.
- The National Survey on Environmental Management of Asthma and Children’s Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke (NSEMA/CEE) (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2004)
Key findings:
- 11% of children aged 6 years and under are exposed to ETS in their homes on a regular basis (4 or more days per week) compared to 20% in the 1998 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS).
- Parents are responsible for 90% of children’s exposure to ETS.
- Exposure to ETS is higher and asthma prevalence is more likely in households with low income and low education levels.
- Children with asthma have as much exposure to ETS as children without asthma.
Fact Sheet: National Survey on Environmental Management of Asthma and Children’s Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke (PDF, 2 pp, 89KB, About PDF)
- Respiratory Health Effects of Passive Smoking (Also Known as Exposure to Secondhand Smoke or Environmental Tobacco Smoke - ETS) (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992)
Key findings:
In adults:
- ETS is a human lung carcinogen, responsible for approximately 3,000 lung cancer deaths annually in U.S. nonsmokers. ETS has been classified as a Group A carcinogen under EPA's carcinogen assessment guidelines. This classification is reserved for those compounds or mixtures which have been shown to cause cancer in humans, based on studies in human populations.
In children:
- ETS exposure increases the risk of lower respiratory tract infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia. EPA estimates that between 150,000 and 300,000 of these cases annually in infants and young children up to 18 months of age are attributable to exposure to ETS. Of these, between 7,500 and 15,000 will result in hospitalization.
- ETS exposure increases the prevalence of fluid in the middle ear, a sign of chronic middle ear disease.
- ETS exposure in children irritates the upper respiratory tract and is associated with a small but significant reduction in lung function.
- ETS exposure increases the frequency of episodes and severity of symptoms in asthmatic children. The report estimates that 200,000 to 1,000,000 asthmatic children have their condition worsened by exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.
- ETS exposure is a risk factor for new cases of asthma in children who have not previously displayed symptoms.
View the full report: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC, EPA/600/6-90/006F, December, 1992 (PDF, 525 pp, 4 MB, About PDF) View a fact sheet summarizing this report: www.epa.gov/smokefree/pubs/etsfs.html
- Health Effects of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke (California Environmental Protection Agency, 1997)
View the full report: www.oehha.org/air/environmental_tobacco/finalets.html
- The National Toxicology Program’s 9th Report on Carcinogens (National Institutes of Health, 2000)
Key findings:
- In 2000, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) formally listed secondhand smoke as a known human carcinogen.
View a summary of the report: www.nih.gov/news/pr/may2000/niehs-15.htm
- Environmental Tobacco Smoke (Chapter 8, WHO Air Quality Guidelines for Europe, Second Edition) ( World Health Organization)
View the full report: www.euro.who.int/air/activities/20050223_4
- International Consultation on Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) and Child Health (World Health Organization, 1999)
View a summary of the meeting: www.who.int/tobacco/resources/publications/general/en/
- Report of the Scientific Committee on Tobacco and Health (United Kingdom Scientific Committee on Tobacco and Health, 1998)
View the full report: www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/doh/tobacco/contents.htm
Make mummy so paiseh!
